Options mapped

CNS glioma (brain tumor): options by country

Sourced options by country plus visit-prep questions for CNS glioma (brain tumor). Each line links to its regulator, HTA, or guideline source. This page maps options; it does not recommend or rank them.

Options mappedSolid tumorLast checked June 2026

What this page does

Maps options by country

It maps sourced options by country alongside diagnosis wording, stage, test results, specialists, and trial-search terms.

What it does not do

Does not choose treatment

It does not rank treatments, recommend a choice, or decide clinical fit.

Where it comes from

Built on trusted sources

Every option links to a trusted regulator, HTA, or guideline source, and the list grows as new sources pass verification.

Information to gather before the next visit

What is the planned role of surgery, radiation, and temozolomide in this case?
Was MGMT promoter methylation tested, and how does the team use that result?
Is a carmustine wafer or another local therapy relevant at surgery?
Is temozolomide planned during radiation and as maintenance afterward?

Trial-search terms to discuss

CNS glioma (brain tumor) clinical trial

Options by country

Treatments by country

Regulatory and access status by country, from official sources. It shows what exists and where — not a recommendation.

United States

Bevacizumab (Avastin)[1]FDA-approvedAdult glioblastoma with progressive disease after prior therapy. · The fetched FDA label states effectiveness in glioblastoma is based on objective response rate and that no data demonstrate improvement in disease-related symptoms or increased survival. The fetched PDF is an FDA label revision from 2014 and notes users should check current FDA labeling for latest approved information. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for FDA label indication; current-label refresh remains an active gap.
Chemotherapy; antiangiogenesis therapy; radiation therapy; surgery; clinical trials [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)Recurrent CNS tumors; relevant to recurrent glioblastoma as an adult CNS tumor context. · NCI's recurrent section is for recurrent CNS tumors broadly, not a glioblastoma-only treatment algorithm. Trial availability is protocol- and location-specific. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because source is recurrent CNS tumor broad category; no conflict found in fetched source.
Chemotherapy; antiangiogenesis therapy; radiation therapy; surgery; clinical trials [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)Recurrent CNS tumors; relevant to recurrent glioblastoma as an adult CNS tumor context. · NCI's recurrent section is for recurrent CNS tumors broadly, not a glioblastoma-only treatment algorithm. Trial availability is protocol- and location-specific. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because source is recurrent CNS tumor broad category; no conflict found in fetched source.
Chemotherapy; antiangiogenesis therapy; radiation therapy; surgery; clinical trials [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)Recurrent CNS tumors; relevant to recurrent glioblastoma as an adult CNS tumor context. · NCI's recurrent section is for recurrent CNS tumors broadly, not a glioblastoma-only treatment algorithm. Trial availability is protocol- and location-specific. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because source is recurrent CNS tumor broad category; no conflict found in fetched source.
Chemotherapy; antiangiogenesis therapy; radiation therapy; surgery; clinical trials [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)Recurrent CNS tumors; relevant to recurrent glioblastoma as an adult CNS tumor context. · NCI's recurrent section is for recurrent CNS tumors broadly, not a glioblastoma-only treatment algorithm. Trial availability is protocol- and location-specific. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because source is recurrent CNS tumor broad category; no conflict found in fetched source.
Chemotherapy; antiangiogenesis therapy; radiation therapy; surgery; clinical trials [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)Recurrent CNS tumors; relevant to recurrent glioblastoma as an adult CNS tumor context. · NCI's recurrent section is for recurrent CNS tumors broadly, not a glioblastoma-only treatment algorithm. Trial availability is protocol- and location-specific. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because source is recurrent CNS tumor broad category; no conflict found in fetched source.
Dordaviprone (Modeyso; formerly ONC201)[3]FDA accelerated approvalH3 K27M mutation; Progressive disease following prior therapy. · This is accelerated approval based on response data from open-label nonrandomized trials, not a guarantee of clinical benefit or access. Continued approval may depend on confirmatory evidence; current label, payer coverage, and individual eligibility must be checked. Confidence/conflicts: High for FDA accelerated approval status; no conflict found in fetched source.
Surgery with or without radiation therapy; surgery followed by radiation therapy and PCV chemotherapy (procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine)[2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)IDH status is not the main classifier in the older NCI PDQ low-grade treatment table; NCI notes IDH1/IDH2 status may guide anaplastic astrocytoma treatment decisions; Low-grade diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma treatment options, including high-risk low-grade glioma after surgery for radiation plus PCV context. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary, not a binding coverage rule or personalized care plan. The PDQ low-grade sections include historical WHO grade terminology and should be reconciled with current molecular diagnosis. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; strong for NCI-listed modalities, but terminology predates fully modern molecular classification in some sections.
Surgery with or without radiation therapy; surgery followed by radiation therapy and PCV chemotherapy (procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine)[2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)IDH status is not the main classifier in the older NCI PDQ low-grade treatment table; NCI notes IDH1/IDH2 status may guide anaplastic astrocytoma treatment decisions; Low-grade diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma treatment options, including high-risk low-grade glioma after surgery for radiation plus PCV context. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary, not a binding coverage rule or personalized care plan. The PDQ low-grade sections include historical WHO grade terminology and should be reconciled with current molecular diagnosis. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; strong for NCI-listed modalities, but terminology predates fully modern molecular classification in some sections.
Surgery with or without radiation therapy; surgery followed by radiation therapy and PCV chemotherapy (procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine)[2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)IDH status is not the main classifier in the older NCI PDQ low-grade treatment table; NCI notes IDH1/IDH2 status may guide anaplastic astrocytoma treatment decisions; Low-grade diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma treatment options, including high-risk low-grade glioma after surgery for radiation plus PCV context. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary, not a binding coverage rule or personalized care plan. The PDQ low-grade sections include historical WHO grade terminology and should be reconciled with current molecular diagnosis. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; strong for NCI-listed modalities, but terminology predates fully modern molecular classification in some sections.
Surgery; radiation therapy; temozolomide (Temodar); carmustine-impregnated polymer implant [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)MGMT promoter methylation is described by NCI as prognostic and possibly predictive for temozolomide response, with uncertainty; no eligibility biomarker required in the treatment list; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary and says it does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Extent of surgery, radiation plan, chemotherapy, and implant use depend on clinical factors and treating-team assessment. Confidence/conflicts: High for NCI option list and standard-treatment description; no conflict found in fetched source.
Surgery; radiation therapy; temozolomide (Temodar); carmustine-impregnated polymer implant [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)MGMT promoter methylation is described by NCI as prognostic and possibly predictive for temozolomide response, with uncertainty; no eligibility biomarker required in the treatment list; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary and says it does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Extent of surgery, radiation plan, chemotherapy, and implant use depend on clinical factors and treating-team assessment. Confidence/conflicts: High for NCI option list and standard-treatment description; no conflict found in fetched source.
Surgery; radiation therapy; temozolomide (Temodar); carmustine-impregnated polymer implant [2]Standard option (per NCI PDQ)MGMT promoter methylation is described by NCI as prognostic and possibly predictive for temozolomide response, with uncertainty; no eligibility biomarker required in the treatment list; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma. · NCI PDQ is an evidence summary and says it does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Extent of surgery, radiation plan, chemotherapy, and implant use depend on clinical factors and treating-team assessment. Confidence/conflicts: High for NCI option list and standard-treatment description; no conflict found in fetched source.
Temozolomide (Temodar)[4]FDA-approvedAdults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, concomitantly with radiotherapy and then as maintenance treatment. · FDA notice concerns updated labeling under Project Renewal and does not determine individual eligibility, dosing, or benefit for a specific person. Confidence/conflicts: High for FDA-approved indication statement; no conflict found in fetched source.
Tumor treating fields device (Optune, formerly NovoTTF-100A System) with temozolomide for newly diagnosed disease; Optune monotherapy for recurrent disease in the stated setting [5]FDA-approvedNewly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma after maximal debulking surgery and radiation with concomitant standard-of-care chemotherapy; recurrent supratentorial GBM after chemotherapy, after surgical and radiation options exhausted. · This is a device indication, not a drug approval. The FDA source describes age, histology, supratentorial location, prior treatment, and use-context restrictions. Access, coverage, adherence requirements, and suitability are separate clinical and payer questions. Confidence/conflicts: High for FDA PMA indication text; no conflict found in fetched source.
Vorasidenib (Voranigo)[6]FDA-approvedSusceptible IDH1 or IDH2 mutation; After surgery, including biopsy, subtotal resection, or gross total resection; FDA efficacy summary describes INDIGO patients who had not received prior anticancer treatment including chemotherapy or radiation therapy. · FDA approval does not by itself establish insurance coverage, local access, or individual suitability. The label/companion diagnostic and local neuro-oncology pathway should be checked for current implementation. Confidence/conflicts: High for FDA approval status; no conflict found in fetched source.
everolimus (Afinitor / Afinitor Disperz); cannabidiol (Epidiolex); sirolimus topical gel (Hyftor)[7]ApprovedTSC1/TSC2 pathway condition; option selection is manifestation-defined in the fetched labels, not mutation-defined; Manifestation-specific treatment settings: renal angiomyolipoma not requiring immediate surgery, SEGA requiring therapeutic intervention but not curatively resectable, adjunctive TSC-associated partial-onset seizure treatment, TSC-associated seizures, and facial angiofibroma. · The labels include age, manifestation, formulation, monitoring, laboratory, adverse-reaction, vaccination, hepatic-injury, and drug-interaction caveats. This record does not imply that every person with TSC is eligible for every option; it only catalogs label-backed options to discuss with a treating team. Confidence/conflicts: High for U.S. label-backed status; no conflicts identified among fetched U.S. labels.
everolimus (Afinitor / Afinitor Disperz); cannabidiol (Epidiolex); sirolimus topical gel (Hyftor)[7]ApprovedTSC1/TSC2 pathway condition; option selection is manifestation-defined in the fetched labels, not mutation-defined; Manifestation-specific treatment settings: renal angiomyolipoma not requiring immediate surgery, SEGA requiring therapeutic intervention but not curatively resectable, adjunctive TSC-associated partial-onset seizure treatment, TSC-associated seizures, and facial angiofibroma. · The labels include age, manifestation, formulation, monitoring, laboratory, adverse-reaction, vaccination, hepatic-injury, and drug-interaction caveats. This record does not imply that every person with TSC is eligible for every option; it only catalogs label-backed options to discuss with a treating team. Confidence/conflicts: High for U.S. label-backed status; no conflicts identified among fetched U.S. labels.

European Union

5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (Gliolan)[8]EMA authorisedVisualisation of malignant glioma tissue during brain tumour surgery. · Gliolan is a surgical visualisation adjunct, not a standalone anti-cancer systemic therapy. EMA says it should only be used by experienced brain surgeons familiar with malignant glioma surgery and trained in fluorescence-guided surgery. Confidence/conflicts: High for EMA surgical-visualisation indication; no conflict found in fetched EMA source.
Bevacizumab (Avastin)[9]EMA authorisedVerified negative EU central-authorisation cell for relapsed glioblastoma and newly diagnosed glioblastoma extension requests; Avastin remains authorised for other cancers listed by EMA. · This is a verified negative EU GBM authorisation/funding signal, not a recommendation to use bevacizumab. Clinical-trial or compassionate-use participation is separate; EMA said trial patients were not affected by the 2014 refusal. Confidence/conflicts: High for EU non-GBM indication/refusal status; contrast with U.S. FDA bevacizumab GBM approval is a jurisdictional difference, not a source conflict.
Carmustine (Carmustine medac, previously Carmustine Obvius)[10]EMA authorisedBrain tumours broadly; source does not provide a glioblastoma-only setting in the fetched lines. · This is a broad brain-tumour approval cell and should not be surfaced as a glioblastoma-specific preferred option without local label and treatment-protocol confirmation. Member-state reimbursement and hospital formulary status remain separate. Confidence/conflicts: Medium because EMA source is brain-tumour broad rather than glioblastoma-specific; no conflict found in fetched source.
Temozolomide (Temodal)[11]EMA authorisedNewly diagnosed adult glioblastoma with radiotherapy then monotherapy; recurrent or progressive malignant glioma after standard therapy. · EMA central authorisation does not establish member-state reimbursement, local protocol, eligibility, or Germany/France HTA status. The EPAR says use is prescription-only and should be prescribed by a doctor experienced in brain tumour treatment. Confidence/conflicts: High for EMA indication wording; no conflict found in fetched EMA source.
Vorasidenib (Voranigo)[12]EMA authorisedIDH1 R132 or IDH2 R172 mutation; After surgical intervention only, for patients not in immediate need of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. · EMA central authorisation does not establish member-state reimbursement or availability in Germany, France, or other EU countries. EMA marks the medicine under additional monitoring and orphan designation. Confidence/conflicts: High for EU central authorisation; member-state access remains an active gap.
lomustine (Lomustine Medac; reference product Belustine)[13]Approvednot biomarker-selected; Gliomes requiring chemotherapy; the source does not restrict this statement to one glioblastoma line of therapy. · The HAS opinion addresses gliomes broadly and medulloblastoma, not a glioblastoma-only indication. It does not establish eligibility for an individual patient, and current product supply should be checked because the context includes prior Belustine shortage and transition to Lomustine Medac. Confidence/conflicts: High for HAS reimbursement opinion in gliomes; medium for glioblastoma-specific applicability because the fetched claim is gliome-level rather than GBM-only. No conflict identified.
resection or biopsy, radiochemotherapy, adjuvant temozolomide, psycho-oncological support, palliative care [14]G-BA benefit assessmentMGMT promoter methylation affects temozolomide benefit weighting in fetched IQWiG report; First-line/newly diagnosed glioblastoma standard-care context in Germany. · This IQWiG source is an HTA rapid-report extract for TTF and says it does not cover relapse treatment. It is not an individual treatment protocol or reimbursement decision for every component. Confidence/conflicts: High for standard-care context in the IQWiG report; not a current full guideline. No conflict identified.
surgical resection, carmustine implant (Gliadel), radiotherapy, temozolomide, recurrence options including repeat surgery, reirradiation, nitrosoureas/PCV, and bevacizumab off-label context [15]HAS reimbursement opinionnot biomarker-selected in fetched HAS pathway excerpt; First-line glioblastoma and recurrent glioblastoma pathway context, as summarized in the HAS opinion. · The fetched source is a 2014 HAS drug-assessment document that summarizes practice context and cites ANOCEF recommendations available at that time; it is not a current full national guideline. Bevacizumab is explicitly described there as off-label in this setting. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for the pathway elements in the HAS source; currency is limited because the document is older. No conflict identified, but current French neuro-oncology guidance remains a gap.
tumor treating fields (TTF) added to standard maintenance therapy [16]Approvednot biomarker-selected; Newly diagnosed WHO grade IV glioblastoma after completion of radiochemotherapy, no early disease progression, standard therapy in maintenance phase. · The supporting reasons also state that G-BA lacked sufficient data for a comprehensive sector-specific economic evaluation, so the finding should not be read as a comparative cost-effectiveness claim. German-language source; translation/human review needed before patient-facing reuse. Confidence/conflicts: High for G-BA's stated benefit/necessity conclusion and indication boundaries; economic-evaluation limitation captured as a caveat. No conflict identified.
tumor treating fields (TTF; Optune) added to standard therapy/temozolomide maintenance context [17]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched TTF access sources; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma, in maintenance/standard-therapy context after surgery/chemoradiation without early progression, per fetched reimbursement summary. · Sources are a manufacturer press release and reimbursement-consulting summary that cite G-BA; direct G-BA German decision is linked but not fetched in this batch. Pricing, EBM implementation, and centre-specific access may need current confirmation. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for national reimbursement signal; direct G-BA decision text remains a source gap. No conflict identified. based on a company press release — confirm against the regulator label
tumor treating fields (TTF; Optune) prescribing and quality-assurance pathway [17]Approvednot biomarker-selected; Outpatient TTF use after surgery/chemoradiation in newly diagnosed glioblastoma; maintenance phase. · This is a reimbursement-consulting summary of a German G-BA decision, not the primary decision text. It should be checked against current G-BA/EBM wording before patient-facing reuse. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for described German prescribing/quality conditions; direct G-BA wording remains to be fetched. No conflict identified.
tumor treating fields (TTF; Optune) with temozolomide maintenance [18]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched HAS Optune opinion; Maintenance treatment after surgery and radiochemotherapy for newly diagnosed adult glioblastoma. · HAS states initiation should be a shared decision with the patient and clinical team. Prescription is hospital-only and reserved to neurologists, oncologists, radiation oncologists, and neurosurgeons, decided in a multidisciplinary meeting; the device requires near-continuous daily use and patient/caregiver training. Current reimbursement-list status and renewal after the 5-year proposed listing period should be checked locally. Confidence/conflicts: High for the HAS 2021 recommendation and conditions; current list renewal/reimbursement implementation remains a follow-up gap. No conflict identified.
tumor treating fields (TTF; Optune-class certified device) in the maintenance phase with standard therapy [19]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched G-BA directive; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma after radiochemotherapy, no early progression, maintenance phase with standard therapy. · This is a German statutory-insurance directive for the contracted outpatient-care sector. It does not specify brand procurement, individual eligibility, or private-insurance coverage. German-language source; patient-facing translation needs human review. Confidence/conflicts: High. Direct G-BA decision and current directive support the German statutory-insurance TTF cell. No conflict identified.
tumor treating fields (TTF; certified medical device) prescribing, training, and follow-up requirements [20]EMA authorisednot biomarker-selected; Outpatient TTF use in the maintenance phase after radiochemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. · Requirements are process and quality conditions for German contracted medical care, not advice that any patient should start or continue TTF. The directive requires devices certified for the listed indication and data use only for treatment purposes if personal data are processed. Confidence/conflicts: High. The current directive and original decision match on quality-assurance conditions. No conflict identified.
vorasidenib (Voranigo)[21]ApprovedIDH1-R132 mutation or IDH2-R172 mutation; Adults and adolescents age 12+ and at least 40 kg with predominantly non-enhancing grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma with IDH1-R132 or IDH2-R172 mutation after surgery, not needing immediate radiotherapy or chemotherapy. · This is the German early benefit-assessment procedure, not a full clinical guideline or guarantee of individual statutory-insurance access. German-language source requires human review before patient-facing reuse. Confidence/conflicts: High for German procedure/indication metadata; individual access and negotiated price not established by this finding. No conflict identified. Primary source not in English. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib (Voranigo)[22]ApprovedIDH1-R132 mutation or IDH2-R172 mutation; Post-surgery, no immediate radiotherapy/chemotherapy, grade 2 IDH1-R132/IDH2-R172 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. · G-BA reports a non-quantifiable added benefit, not a quantified superiority claim. The decision also summarizes both favorable morbidity endpoint signals and safety disadvantages; it should not be simplified into "best" or curative language. Confidence/conflicts: High for G-BA indication and added-benefit classification. No conflict identified. Primary source not in English. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib (Voranigo)[23]ApprovedIDH1-R132 mutation or IDH2-R172 mutation; Germany AMNOG orphan-drug assessment process for Voranigo in astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. · IQWiG did not independently reassess clinical added benefit for this orphan-drug dossier; this is a process/cost-patient-number assessment boundary. It should be paired with the G-BA resolution for the final added-benefit category. Confidence/conflicts: High for IQWiG process scope; not a clinical-efficacy conclusion. No conflict identified.

United Kingdom

5-aminolevulinic acid guided resection (5-ALA); supportive care; neurorehabilitation; clinical review and MRI follow-up [24]NICE recommendedInitial surgery for suspected high-grade glioma; supportive care and neurorehabilitation across the pathway. · 5-ALA depends on MDT assessment that resection of all enhancing tumour is possible. Supportive care and neurorehabilitation are care-pathway supports, not substitutes for cancer-directed treatment. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context surgery adjunct and supportive-care recommendations; no conflict found in fetched source.
5-aminolevulinic acid guided resection (5-ALA); supportive care; neurorehabilitation; clinical review and MRI follow-up [24]NICE recommendedInitial surgery for suspected high-grade glioma; supportive care and neurorehabilitation across the pathway. · 5-ALA depends on MDT assessment that resection of all enhancing tumour is possible. Supportive care and neurorehabilitation are care-pathway supports, not substitutes for cancer-directed treatment. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context surgery adjunct and supportive-care recommendations; no conflict found in fetched source.
Bevacizumab (Avastin); tumour treating fields (TTF/Optune); immunotherapy and other unsupported nonstandard approaches listed by NICE [24]NICE recommendedNegative NICE recommendations for newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma and recurrent high-grade glioma. · This is a verified negative NHS/NICE cell, not advice against asking about trials or private/off-label access. NICE recommendations do not determine trial participation. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE negative recommendations; differs from U.S. FDA device/drug approvals by jurisdiction.
Bevacizumab (Avastin); tumour treating fields (TTF/Optune); immunotherapy and other unsupported nonstandard approaches listed by NICE [24]NICE recommendedNegative NICE recommendations for newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma and recurrent high-grade glioma. · This is a verified negative NHS/NICE cell, not advice against asking about trials or private/off-label access. NICE recommendations do not determine trial participation. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE negative recommendations; differs from U.S. FDA device/drug approvals by jurisdiction.
Bevacizumab (Avastin); tumour treating fields (TTF/Optune); immunotherapy and other unsupported nonstandard approaches listed by NICE [24]NICE recommendedNegative NICE recommendations for newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma and recurrent high-grade glioma. · This is a verified negative NHS/NICE cell, not advice against asking about trials or private/off-label access. NICE recommendations do not determine trial participation. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE negative recommendations; differs from U.S. FDA device/drug approvals by jurisdiction.
Maximal safe resection or biopsy; radiotherapy; temozolomide (Temodal)[24]NICE recommendedMGMT methylation is used in NICE recommendations for some older-patient treatment choices; Initial management and postoperative/post-biopsy management of newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma (glioblastoma). · NICE guidance is England context; it stratifies by age around 70, Karnofsky performance status, maximal safe resection or biopsy, and MGMT methylation. Devolved-nation policies and local MDT decisions may differ. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context treatment pathways; no conflict found in fetched source.
Maximal safe resection or biopsy; radiotherapy; temozolomide (Temodal)[24]NICE recommendedMGMT methylation is used in NICE recommendations for some older-patient treatment choices; Initial management and postoperative/post-biopsy management of newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma (glioblastoma). · NICE guidance is England context; it stratifies by age around 70, Karnofsky performance status, maximal safe resection or biopsy, and MGMT methylation. Devolved-nation policies and local MDT decisions may differ. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context treatment pathways; no conflict found in fetched source.
Maximal safe resection or biopsy; radiotherapy; temozolomide (Temodal)[24]NICE recommendedMGMT methylation is used in NICE recommendations for some older-patient treatment choices; Initial management and postoperative/post-biopsy management of newly diagnosed grade 4 glioma (glioblastoma). · NICE guidance is England context; it stratifies by age around 70, Karnofsky performance status, maximal safe resection or biopsy, and MGMT methylation. Devolved-nation policies and local MDT decisions may differ. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context treatment pathways; no conflict found in fetched source.
PCV chemotherapy; single-agent CCNU/lomustine; temozolomide; further surgery; further radiotherapy; best supportive care [24]NICE recommendedNICE says to consider tumour molecular markers when deciding recurrent high-grade glioma options; Recurrent high-grade glioma / recurrent grade 4 glioma context. · NICE recommendations are England context and include performance, life expectancy, preference, prior treatment, molecular marker, and focal recurrence considerations. TA23 is specific to temozolomide after standard therapy. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE recurrent high-grade glioma options; glioblastoma-specific applicability is through grade 4 glioma context.
PCV chemotherapy; single-agent CCNU/lomustine; temozolomide; further surgery; further radiotherapy; best supportive care [24]NICE recommendedNICE says to consider tumour molecular markers when deciding recurrent high-grade glioma options; Recurrent high-grade glioma / recurrent grade 4 glioma context. · NICE recommendations are England context and include performance, life expectancy, preference, prior treatment, molecular marker, and focal recurrence considerations. TA23 is specific to temozolomide after standard therapy. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE recurrent high-grade glioma options; glioblastoma-specific applicability is through grade 4 glioma context.
PCV chemotherapy; single-agent CCNU/lomustine; temozolomide; further surgery; further radiotherapy; best supportive care [24]NICE recommendedNICE says to consider tumour molecular markers when deciding recurrent high-grade glioma options; Recurrent high-grade glioma / recurrent grade 4 glioma context. · NICE recommendations are England context and include performance, life expectancy, preference, prior treatment, molecular marker, and focal recurrence considerations. TA23 is specific to temozolomide after standard therapy. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE recurrent high-grade glioma options; glioblastoma-specific applicability is through grade 4 glioma context.
PCV chemotherapy; single-agent CCNU/lomustine; temozolomide; further surgery; further radiotherapy; best supportive care [24]NICE recommendedNICE says to consider tumour molecular markers when deciding recurrent high-grade glioma options; Recurrent high-grade glioma / recurrent grade 4 glioma context. · NICE recommendations are England context and include performance, life expectancy, preference, prior treatment, molecular marker, and focal recurrence considerations. TA23 is specific to temozolomide after standard therapy. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE recurrent high-grade glioma options; glioblastoma-specific applicability is through grade 4 glioma context.
Temozolomide (Temodal); carmustine implants (Gliadel)[25]NICE recommendedNewly diagnosed GBM for temozolomide; newly diagnosed high-grade glioma with >=90% resection for carmustine implants. · NICE TA121 states no recommendation can be made on sequential use of temozolomide and carmustine implants for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma. Carmustine implant use is restricted by extent of resection and specialist centre requirements. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context funding recommendations; no conflict found in fetched source.
Vorasidenib (Voranigo)[26]NICE recommendedSusceptible IDH1 or IDH2 mutation; After surgery, when immediate chemotherapy or radiotherapy is not needed. · NICE TA1147 is England context; devolved-nation policies may differ. The recommendation depends on commercial arrangement and stopping if cancer progresses/in line with marketing-authorisation stopping criteria. Confidence/conflicts: High for NICE England-context recommendation; no conflict found in fetched NICE sources.

Japan

5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (Alabel Oral 1.5 g; Alaglio Internal Medicine 1.5 g); carmustine implant (Gliadel for Intracerebral Implant 7.7 mg)[27]PMDA-approved (Japan)Tumor visualization during malignant-glioma tumorectomy for 5-ALA products; treatment of malignant glioma for intracerebral carmustine implant. · The PMDA list verifies Japan approval-list entries but does not specify which glioblastoma cases are surgical candidates. A PMDA safety-investigation document for Gliadel notes package-insert revision about air accumulation at the implant site after reported Japanese cases. Confidence/conflicts: High for approval-list and PMDA safety-revision status; no direct source conflict found. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (Alabel Oral 1.5 g; Alaglio Internal Medicine 1.5 g); carmustine implant (Gliadel for Intracerebral Implant 7.7 mg)[27]PMDA-approved (Japan)Tumor visualization during malignant-glioma tumorectomy for 5-ALA products; treatment of malignant glioma for intracerebral carmustine implant. · The PMDA list verifies Japan approval-list entries but does not specify which glioblastoma cases are surgical candidates. A PMDA safety-investigation document for Gliadel notes package-insert revision about air accumulation at the implant site after reported Japanese cases. Confidence/conflicts: High for approval-list and PMDA safety-revision status; no direct source conflict found. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
Bevacizumab (Avastin)[27]PMDA-approved (Japan)Treatment of malignant glioma; the fetched PMDA list does not specify newly diagnosed versus recurrent use. · This is a Japan-specific regulator cell and differs from EMA's non-authorisation/refusal status for glioblastoma. The PMDA list does not establish current reimbursement, dosing, contraindications, or individual access. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan PMDA approval-list status; jurisdictional conflict noted with EU EMA GBM refusal/non-authorisation sources recorded in batch BDO.
Temozolomide (Temodal capsules 20 mg and 100 mg; Temodal infusion 100 mg)[27]PMDA-approved (Japan)Treatment of malignant glioma; the fetched PMDA list does not provide a glioblastoma-specific line-of-therapy sequence. · The approved-drug list verifies Japan regulatory history, not current reimbursement, local hospital access, dosing, or individual suitability. Current Japanese package insert and local oncology/neurosurgery pathway remain active detail gaps. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan PMDA malignant-glioma approval-list status; line-of-therapy detail is not established by the fetched list.
Teserpaturev / G47Delta oncolytic virus (Delytact Injection)[28]PMDA-approved (Japan)Not biomarker-selected in the fetched PMDA review report; Malignant glioma after prior radiation therapy and temozolomide, with expert-discussion comments emphasizing grade IV glioblastoma and recurrent-lesion context for grade III malignant glioma. · The PMDA review describes limited information, conditional time-limited approval, specialist-use conditions, post-marketing assessment, and invasive intratumoral administration considerations. This record preserves PMDA's malignant-glioma language and does not imply access or suitability. Confidence/conflicts: High for PMDA conditional time-limited approval status and precautions in the fetched English report; no conflict found in fetched source. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
vorasidenib (Voranigo; Japanese brand ボラニゴ)[29]ApprovedIDH1 or IDH2 gene mutation; Japan-approved IDH1/2-mutation-positive glioma indication; pivotal study context was grade 2 residual/recurrent astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma after surgery without prior radiotherapy/chemotherapy. · Source is a manufacturer press release rather than the PMDA review report or current e-label. The approved Japanese indication appears broader than the INDIGO grade 2 pivotal-study population in the fetched release; current e-label and reimbursement/listing should be checked before patient-facing reuse. Japanese-language source requires human review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for Japan approval signal; direct PMDA review/e-label and payer status remain unresolved. No conflict identified. based on a company press release — confirm against the regulator label Primary source is in Japanese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team. A secondary/company source is present; the cited primary source is the regulator/HTA/official record.
vorasidenib (Voranigo; ボラニゴ)[30]PMDA-approved (Japan)IDH1 or IDH2 gene mutation; Safety-management and appropriate-use context for Voranigo in Japan. · This is an appropriate-use/RMP support document, not a standalone clinical guideline or reimbursement source. It should be paired with the latest Japanese e-label and specialist judgment. Japanese-language source requires human review. Confidence/conflicts: High that PMDA-hosted material supports Japanese appropriate-use and safety-management context; it does not independently establish reimbursement. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Japanese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib citrate hydrate (Voranigo / ボラニゴ)[31]PMDA-approved (Japan)IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; PMDA review context for IDH1- or IDH2-mutation-positive glioma; the detailed clinical evidence in the report includes the INDIGO trial population, but the Japanese indication recorded in the approval review is broader than a patient-specific recommendation. · Japanese-language regulator source; clinical translation/human review is needed before patient-facing reuse. Approval status does not by itself establish local hospital availability or reimbursement details. Confidence/conflicts: High for PMDA review/approval context. No conflict identified. Japanese-language clinical content requires human review for downstream presentation. Primary source is in Japanese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib citrate hydrate (Voranigo / ボラニゴ)[32]ApprovedIDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; Japanese label/access context for IDH1- or IDH2-mutation-positive glioma. · This is a Japanese-language label/drug-information source and requires human review before clinical reuse. The source provides label and price-list information; it does not guarantee individual coverage, eligibility, or site availability. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for Japanese label/price-list context; official PMDA/Ministry price-list cross-check remains useful. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Japanese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
vorasidenib citrate hydrate (Voranigo / ボラニゴ)[33]ApprovedIDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; Launch/access signal and INDIGO-study context after surgery without prior radiation or chemotherapy. · Manufacturer source; use with PMDA label/review materials for regulatory claims. Japanese-language clinical content needs human review before patient-facing use. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for launch and drug-price-list timing because it is manufacturer-published; PMDA source above supports the regulatory approval context. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Japanese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.

Korea

bevacizumab plus irinotecan; bevacizumab monotherapy context [34]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched source; Progressive or recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma or GBM following standard chemoradiation; pediatric/young-patient after-radiation context as described by the source. · This is a peer-reviewed Korean national-database study describing Korea approval/use context, not the MFDS label itself. It reports no significant overall-survival difference between bevacizumab monotherapy and bevacizumab plus irinotecan in the analyzed recurrent GBM cohort; this should not be interpreted as personalized comparative advice. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for Korean approval-context statement from peer-reviewed source; direct MFDS/HIRA documents remain gaps. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
maximal safe resection or stereotactic biopsy, MRI with contrast, molecular-pathology workup; no brand [35]Standard option (per Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology)1p/19q codeletion, MGMT promoter methylation, IDH1/IDH2 mutation testing in KSNO workup context; Initial diagnosis and surgical planning for suspected high-grade glioma/glioblastoma. · This is a Korean professional-society guideline from 2019 based on WHO 2016 classification; newer WHO molecular classification should be checked in current practice. It does not establish individual surgical eligibility or reimbursement for each molecular assay. Confidence/conflicts: High for KSNO guideline pathway; newer molecular classification updates remain a gap.
maximal safe resection when feasible; biopsy when resection not feasible; steroids; ventriculoperitoneal shunt for symptom control where necessary [36]Standard option (per Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology)H3K27M-mutant DMG; surgically amenable versus critical midline location; Adult Korea DMG initial treatment decision and symptom-control planning. · The guideline is adult-focused and not a routine-resection recommendation for classic pediatric DIPG. Surgical feasibility depends heavily on location and neurologic risk. Confidence/conflicts: High for adult Korea guideline surgery/supportive framework; pediatric DIPG extrapolation limited. No conflict identified.
radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy (Stupp protocol); hypofractionated radiotherapy; temozolomide alone or supportive treatment in selected lower-performance/older contexts [35]Standard option (per Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology)MGMT promoter methylation may influence temozolomide discussion, especially in older or poor-performance patients; Adjuvant treatment after diagnosis/neurosurgical intervention for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. · Treatment depends on age, KPS/ECOG, MGMT status, extent of resection, neurologic condition, and patient goals. The guideline does not establish that every option is available or reimbursed at every Korean institution. Confidence/conflicts: High for KSNO treatment framework. No conflict identified.
repeat surgery if feasible, systemic chemotherapy options including bevacizumab alone, bevacizumab plus irinotecan, temozolomide, lomustine/carmustine, PCV-type regimens, reirradiation, supportive treatment, clinical trials [35]Standard option (per Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology)not biomarker-selected; MGMT and recurrence pattern may affect chemotherapy/rechallenge decisions; Recurrent glioblastoma after prior treatment. · KSNO presents options to consider, not a ranked regimen or eligibility rule. Feasibility depends on recurrence location, mass effect, neurologic symptoms, interval since radiation, prior therapy, performance status, and trial access. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high. Options are guideline-listed but evidence and access vary substantially.
vorasidenib (Voranigo; Korean 보라니고/보라시데닙)[37]ApprovedIDH1 or IDH2 mutation; Korea-approved grade 2 IDH1/2-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma in age/weight population described by fetched Korean article; article context is after surgery before radiotherapy/chemotherapy. · Sources are Korean medical/pharma news articles rather than direct MFDS label or HIRA reimbursement pages. Korean-language content requires human review. Current reimbursement and hospital formulary status must be verified locally. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for Korea approval/launch signal from multiple Korean sources; direct MFDS/HIRA records remain gaps. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Korean. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib citrate (Voranigo / 보라니고정)[38]MFDS-approved (Korea)IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; Korean official product-registration status for Voranigo tablets. · Korean-language regulator source; translation/human review is needed before patient-facing reuse. Product approval does not by itself establish National Health Insurance reimbursement, hospital formulary status, or individual access. Confidence/conflicts: High for MFDS product-registration facts. Reimbursement remains unresolved. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Korean. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
vorasidenib citrate (Voranigo / 보라니고정)[39]MFDS-approved (Korea)IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; Post-surgery setting in grade 2 IDH1/IDH2-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. · This is a Korean-language label source and is not medical advice. The label's population and local prescribing restrictions should be reviewed by the treating neuro-oncology team. Confidence/conflicts: High for Korean label indication. No conflict identified. Korean-language clinical content requires human review. Primary source is in Korean. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.

Australia

vorasidenib (Voranigo)[40]TGA-registered (Australia)susceptible IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; After surgical intervention; age 12+; not in need of immediate chemotherapy or radiotherapy. · TGA approval does not equal PBS reimbursement. Patient selection should match the label and local specialist guidance. Confidence/conflicts: High for Australian regulatory approval. PBS listing status is separate and handled below. No conflict identified.
vorasidenib (Voranigo)[41]TGA-registered (Australia)IDH-mutant diffuse glioma; susceptible IDH1 or IDH2 mutation; Australian regulatory assessment context for Voranigo in IDH-mutant glioma. · AusPAR is an assessment/registration document and does not describe PBS subsidy. Project Orbis collaboration should not be read as approval in every listed jurisdiction. Confidence/conflicts: High for TGA regulatory-assessment details. No conflict identified. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.
vorasidenib (Voranigo)[42]TGA-registered (Australia)IDH1 or IDH2 mutation; Australia access/reimbursement-status context after surgery for residual or recurrent low-grade IDH-mutant glioma. · PBS status is time-sensitive; as of the fetched PBS page the medicine had not yet been listed despite PBAC recommendation. eviQ is a protocol resource and should be used with product information and local institutional policy. Confidence/conflicts: High for PBS not-yet-listed status as of page date and eviQ TGA-approved/not-PBS-listed statement. This may become stale quickly. No conflict identified. Availability/reimbursement outside the approving regulator not established.

China

PCV chemotherapy; temozolomide; radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy; molecularly matched targeted therapy for BRAF V600E or NTRK fusion when present [43]Standard option (per National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China)BRAF V600E activation mutation or NTRK fusion relevant for targeted therapy in selected low-grade glioma; IDH status relevant to disease classification but no IDH inhibitor is listed in the 2022 China guideline; High-risk low-grade glioma adjuvant therapy and recurrent low-grade glioma options. · The guideline is from 2022 and does not capture newer international IDH-inhibitor approvals. Targeted therapy statements are biomarker-specific and do not imply availability or reimbursement for a particular drug in China. Confidence/conflicts: High for 2022 NHC guideline content; likely stale for post-2024 vorasidenib international approvals, so China NMPA status remains a separate gap. No direct conflict recorded. Primary source is in Chinese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
bevacizumab biosimilar (BYVASDA)[44]NMPA-approved (China)not biomarker-selected in fetched source; Adult recurrent glioblastoma. · Sources are manufacturer/industry reports rather than direct NMPA label pages. The Ascletis source is used only as a contextual statement about the recurrent-GBM drug landscape at a point in time and may be stale. Confidence/conflicts: Medium. Sources support China approval signal for recurrent GBM, but direct NMPA label/reimbursement records remain gaps.
maximal safe surgical resection / biopsy where appropriate [43]Standard option (per National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China)IDH mutation relevant to adult diffuse glioma classification; guideline also distinguishes IDH-wildtype risk context; Initial management and postoperative assessment for low-grade glioma. · Chinese-language national guideline; translation/human review is needed before patient-facing reuse. Surgical feasibility depends on tumor location, functional areas, patient status, and multidisciplinary assessment. Confidence/conflicts: High for China national guideline surgery framework. No conflict identified. Chinese-language clinical content requires human review. Primary source is in Chinese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
maximum safe surgical resection, radiation therapy, temozolomide chemotherapy, and consideration of alternating electrical fields / tumor treating fields [45]Standard option (per Chinese Clinical Oncology / AME Publishing)IDH-wildtype glioblastoma context; molecular stratification not detailed in fetched source; Newly diagnosed glioblastoma standard management framework. · This is a narrative review summarizing Chinese guidelines and practice, not a regulator label or individual hospital protocol. It does not establish reimbursement, device access, or eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for China standard-management summary; primary Chinese guideline PDFs remain a gap.
radiotherapy [43]Standard option (per National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China)IDH-wildtype listed by guideline as an adverse risk factor; IDH-mutant status is part of adult diffuse glioma classification; Postoperative risk-stratified radiotherapy/observation decision-making for low-grade glioma. · This is a guideline framework, not a personalized recommendation. It explicitly notes controversy around timing and indications, so clinical context and molecular pathology are central. Confidence/conflicts: High for NHC radiotherapy decision framework; guideline notes controversy rather than a single universal pathway. No external conflict identified. Primary source is in Chinese. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
tumor treating fields device (Optune)[46]NMPA-approved (China)not biomarker-selected in fetched source; Newly diagnosed supratentorial GBM after surgery and radiotherapy in combination with temozolomide; recurrent supratentorial GBM as monotherapy. · This is a manufacturer/regional commercialization press release citing NMPA approval, not the NMPA device registration page. It does not establish reimbursement, availability at a specific centre, or patient suitability for device wear. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for NMPA approval signal and indication wording from manufacturer release; direct NMPA device record remains unresolved. based on a company press release — confirm against the regulator label
vebreltinib (APL-101 / PLB-1001)[47]NMPA-approved (China)PTPRZ1-MET fusion; IDH-mutant disease context; history of low-grade disease in fetched source; Pretreated IDH-mutant WHO grade 4 astrocytoma or glioblastoma with PTPRZ1-MET fusion and prior low-grade history. · This is a medical-news report, not a direct NMPA label. It is biomarker- and history-specific and should not be generalized to all GBM. Testing access and reimbursement remain unresolved. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for approval signal due to secondary source; high that the indication is narrow and biomarker-specific. Direct NMPA label remains unresolved.

Russia

Bevacizumab (Avastin-class) combinations or monotherapy, lomustine, carmustine, temozolomide rechallenge/combination contexts, irinotecan combinations, and BRAF/MEK targeted therapy such as dabrafenib plus trametinib or vemurafenib plus cobimetinib where BRAF mutation is present [48]ApprovedBRAF mutation may trigger targeted-therapy commission discussion; otherwise not biomarker-selected; Recurrent glioma/glioblastoma after prior therapy. · The record is guideline-backed; it does not establish Russian marketing authorization or reimbursement for each regimen. Recurrent-treatment decisions depend on prior radiation, prior temozolomide, neurologic symptoms, edema, performance status, mutation results, and clinical-trial availability. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; recurrent-treatment evidence varies and commission/access gaps remain. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Bevacizumab (Avastin-class) combinations or monotherapy, lomustine, carmustine, temozolomide rechallenge/combination contexts, irinotecan combinations, and BRAF/MEK targeted therapy such as dabrafenib plus trametinib or vemurafenib plus cobimetinib where BRAF mutation is present [48]ApprovedBRAF mutation may trigger targeted-therapy commission discussion; otherwise not biomarker-selected; Recurrent glioma/glioblastoma after prior therapy. · The record is guideline-backed; it does not establish Russian marketing authorization or reimbursement for each regimen. Recurrent-treatment decisions depend on prior radiation, prior temozolomide, neurologic symptoms, edema, performance status, mutation results, and clinical-trial availability. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; recurrent-treatment evidence varies and commission/access gaps remain. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Bevacizumab (Avastin-class) for resistant edema/radionecrosis context; supportive neuro-oncology measures and repeat imaging/PET-based distinction of recurrence vs treatment effect [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)Not biomarker-selected; Symptom-directed management after radiotherapy, edema/radionecrosis, and recurrent-treatment planning. · Bevacizumab use here is symptom/supportive and imaging-context dependent; it does not imply anticancer benefit, eligibility, or reimbursement. Distinguishing recurrence from radionecrosis may require advanced imaging and specialist review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; guideline supports the use context but local access and imaging availability are not inferred. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Bevacizumab (Avastin-class) for resistant edema/radionecrosis context; supportive neuro-oncology measures and repeat imaging/PET-based distinction of recurrence vs treatment effect [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)Not biomarker-selected; Symptom-directed management after radiotherapy, edema/radionecrosis, and recurrent-treatment planning. · Bevacizumab use here is symptom/supportive and imaging-context dependent; it does not imply anticancer benefit, eligibility, or reimbursement. Distinguishing recurrence from radionecrosis may require advanced imaging and specialist review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; guideline supports the use context but local access and imaging availability are not inferred. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Bevacizumab (Avastin-class) for resistant edema/radionecrosis context; supportive neuro-oncology measures and repeat imaging/PET-based distinction of recurrence vs treatment effect [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)Not biomarker-selected; Symptom-directed management after radiotherapy, edema/radionecrosis, and recurrent-treatment planning. · Bevacizumab use here is symptom/supportive and imaging-context dependent; it does not imply anticancer benefit, eligibility, or reimbursement. Distinguishing recurrence from radionecrosis may require advanced imaging and specialist review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; guideline supports the use context but local access and imaging availability are not inferred. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Maximal safe surgery or stereotactic biopsy, followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy/maintenance where appropriate [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)MGMT methylation and IDH status may affect prognosis/alkylator sensitivity; treatment is not solely biomarker-selected; Newly diagnosed adult high-grade diffuse glioma/glioblastoma. · Extent of resection, biopsy vs surgery, radiation plan, and temozolomide use depend on location, neurologic function, age/performance status, pathology, MGMT status, residual disease, edema, and multidisciplinary review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad high-grade glioma framework but not individual surgical eligibility. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Maximal safe surgery or stereotactic biopsy, followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy/maintenance where appropriate [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)MGMT methylation and IDH status may affect prognosis/alkylator sensitivity; treatment is not solely biomarker-selected; Newly diagnosed adult high-grade diffuse glioma/glioblastoma. · Extent of resection, biopsy vs surgery, radiation plan, and temozolomide use depend on location, neurologic function, age/performance status, pathology, MGMT status, residual disease, edema, and multidisciplinary review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad high-grade glioma framework but not individual surgical eligibility. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Maximal safe surgery or stereotactic biopsy, followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy/maintenance where appropriate [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)MGMT methylation and IDH status may affect prognosis/alkylator sensitivity; treatment is not solely biomarker-selected; Newly diagnosed adult high-grade diffuse glioma/glioblastoma. · Extent of resection, biopsy vs surgery, radiation plan, and temozolomide use depend on location, neurologic function, age/performance status, pathology, MGMT status, residual disease, edema, and multidisciplinary review. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad high-grade glioma framework but not individual surgical eligibility. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Molecular-pathology classification and treatment-planning workup [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH1/IDH2 mutation, 1p/19q codeletion, ATRX, TP53, CDKN2A/B, TERT promoter, CIC, FUBP1, NOTCH1, MGMT promoter methylation; Diagnosis and initial treatment planning for lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This cell supports classification/workup, not a drug approval. Russian-language clinical text requires human review, and local test availability is not established. Confidence/conflicts: High for molecular-classification framework; direct assay access/reimbursement not established. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Molecular-pathology classification and treatment-planning workup [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH1/IDH2 mutation, 1p/19q codeletion, ATRX, TP53, CDKN2A/B, TERT promoter, CIC, FUBP1, NOTCH1, MGMT promoter methylation; Diagnosis and initial treatment planning for lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This cell supports classification/workup, not a drug approval. Russian-language clinical text requires human review, and local test availability is not established. Confidence/conflicts: High for molecular-classification framework; direct assay access/reimbursement not established. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
PCV chemotherapy; temozolomide; lomustine; bevacizumab-containing regimens in specified recurrent/high-grade contexts [48]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)IDH mutation; 1p/19q codeletion for anaplastic oligodendroglioma context; Grade 3 IDH-mutant/anaplastic glioma and recurrent diffuse glioma systemic-therapy framework; not limited to grade 2 disease. · This finding is adjacent to lower-grade IDH-mutant glioma because it covers grade 3/recurrent progression contexts. It should not be read as a grade 2 first-line systemic recommendation without the source's setting. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for guideline framework, with careful setting caveat. No conflict identified. Russian-language clinical content requires human review. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Pathology and molecular testing workup to classify adult-type diffuse gliomas and guide treatment planning [49]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH wildtype; TERT promoter, chromosome 7/10 pattern, EGFR; MGMT promoter methylation as predictive/prognostic context; BRAF mutation for selected targeted-therapy discussion; Diagnostic classification and treatment-planning workup. · The guideline source is Russian-language and mirrored by MedElement; laboratory availability, assay validation, reimbursement, and turnaround time are not established. Confidence/conflicts: High for guideline classification framework; human review needed for Russian-language clinical text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Pathology and molecular testing workup to classify adult-type diffuse gliomas and guide treatment planning [49]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH wildtype; TERT promoter, chromosome 7/10 pattern, EGFR; MGMT promoter methylation as predictive/prognostic context; BRAF mutation for selected targeted-therapy discussion; Diagnostic classification and treatment-planning workup. · The guideline source is Russian-language and mirrored by MedElement; laboratory availability, assay validation, reimbursement, and turnaround time are not established. Confidence/conflicts: High for guideline classification framework; human review needed for Russian-language clinical text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Repeat surgery if feasible; repeat radiation consideration; systemic therapy chosen from prior-treatment-aware recurrent diffuse glioma framework, including bevacizumab-containing regimens, platinum regimens, temozolomide when prior objective response, PCV/CV, and targeted options for specific mutations such as IDH1 in non-DMG contexts [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration for DMG; additional recurrence planning depends on prior treatment, imaging, and molecular profile.; Recurrent or progressive diffuse glioma / DMG-adjacent framework after prior therapy. · Recurrent DMG/DIPG evidence is limited; this record should be surfaced as “options to discuss” and not as a standard sequence or availability guarantee. Direct Russian regulator/procurement and trial sources remain necessary for named medicines and novel targeted agents. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for DMG-specific recurrence applicability because the fetched text is a broad diffuse glioma recurrence algorithm; high that no Russian dordaviprone access claim is supported here. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Repeat surgery if feasible; repeat radiation consideration; systemic therapy chosen from prior-treatment-aware recurrent diffuse glioma framework, including bevacizumab-containing regimens, platinum regimens, temozolomide when prior objective response, PCV/CV, and targeted options for specific mutations such as IDH1 in non-DMG contexts [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration for DMG; additional recurrence planning depends on prior treatment, imaging, and molecular profile.; Recurrent or progressive diffuse glioma / DMG-adjacent framework after prior therapy. · Recurrent DMG/DIPG evidence is limited; this record should be surfaced as “options to discuss” and not as a standard sequence or availability guarantee. Direct Russian regulator/procurement and trial sources remain necessary for named medicines and novel targeted agents. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for DMG-specific recurrence applicability because the fetched text is a broad diffuse glioma recurrence algorithm; high that no Russian dordaviprone access claim is supported here. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Repeat surgery if feasible; repeat radiation consideration; systemic therapy chosen from prior-treatment-aware recurrent diffuse glioma framework, including bevacizumab-containing regimens, platinum regimens, temozolomide when prior objective response, PCV/CV, and targeted options for specific mutations such as IDH1 in non-DMG contexts [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration for DMG; additional recurrence planning depends on prior treatment, imaging, and molecular profile.; Recurrent or progressive diffuse glioma / DMG-adjacent framework after prior therapy. · Recurrent DMG/DIPG evidence is limited; this record should be surfaced as “options to discuss” and not as a standard sequence or availability guarantee. Direct Russian regulator/procurement and trial sources remain necessary for named medicines and novel targeted agents. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for DMG-specific recurrence applicability because the fetched text is a broad diffuse glioma recurrence algorithm; high that no Russian dordaviprone access claim is supported here. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Repeat surgery if feasible; repeat radiation consideration; systemic therapy chosen from prior-treatment-aware recurrent diffuse glioma framework, including bevacizumab-containing regimens, platinum regimens, temozolomide when prior objective response, PCV/CV, and targeted options for specific mutations such as IDH1 in non-DMG contexts [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration for DMG; additional recurrence planning depends on prior treatment, imaging, and molecular profile.; Recurrent or progressive diffuse glioma / DMG-adjacent framework after prior therapy. · Recurrent DMG/DIPG evidence is limited; this record should be surfaced as “options to discuss” and not as a standard sequence or availability guarantee. Direct Russian regulator/procurement and trial sources remain necessary for named medicines and novel targeted agents. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for DMG-specific recurrence applicability because the fetched text is a broad diffuse glioma recurrence algorithm; high that no Russian dordaviprone access claim is supported here. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Repeat surgery if feasible; repeat radiation consideration; systemic therapy chosen from prior-treatment-aware recurrent diffuse glioma framework, including bevacizumab-containing regimens, platinum regimens, temozolomide when prior objective response, PCV/CV, and targeted options for specific mutations such as IDH1 in non-DMG contexts [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration for DMG; additional recurrence planning depends on prior treatment, imaging, and molecular profile.; Recurrent or progressive diffuse glioma / DMG-adjacent framework after prior therapy. · Recurrent DMG/DIPG evidence is limited; this record should be surfaced as “options to discuss” and not as a standard sequence or availability guarantee. Direct Russian regulator/procurement and trial sources remain necessary for named medicines and novel targeted agents. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for DMG-specific recurrence applicability because the fetched text is a broad diffuse glioma recurrence algorithm; high that no Russian dordaviprone access claim is supported here. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or biopsy when feasible for diagnosis; radiation therapy; temozolomide-containing chemoradiotherapy/adjuvant framework as part of diffuse grade 3-4 glioma algorithm [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration; MGMT expression/methylation context is listed by RUSSCO among glioma prognostic/treatment-planning factors.; Newly diagnosed or treatment-planning context for grade 4 diffuse glioma / diffuse midline glioma. · The guideline framework is broad across diffuse grade 3-4 gliomas and must be interpreted by neuro-oncology teams for midline/pons location. It should not be read as a universal surgery or temozolomide recommendation for every DIPG case. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad grade 3-4 diffuse glioma framework but DMG/DIPG-specific adaptation is not fully separated in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or biopsy when feasible for diagnosis; radiation therapy; temozolomide-containing chemoradiotherapy/adjuvant framework as part of diffuse grade 3-4 glioma algorithm [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration; MGMT expression/methylation context is listed by RUSSCO among glioma prognostic/treatment-planning factors.; Newly diagnosed or treatment-planning context for grade 4 diffuse glioma / diffuse midline glioma. · The guideline framework is broad across diffuse grade 3-4 gliomas and must be interpreted by neuro-oncology teams for midline/pons location. It should not be read as a universal surgery or temozolomide recommendation for every DIPG case. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad grade 3-4 diffuse glioma framework but DMG/DIPG-specific adaptation is not fully separated in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or biopsy when feasible for diagnosis; radiation therapy; temozolomide-containing chemoradiotherapy/adjuvant framework as part of diffuse grade 3-4 glioma algorithm [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration; MGMT expression/methylation context is listed by RUSSCO among glioma prognostic/treatment-planning factors.; Newly diagnosed or treatment-planning context for grade 4 diffuse glioma / diffuse midline glioma. · The guideline framework is broad across diffuse grade 3-4 gliomas and must be interpreted by neuro-oncology teams for midline/pons location. It should not be read as a universal surgery or temozolomide recommendation for every DIPG case. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad grade 3-4 diffuse glioma framework but DMG/DIPG-specific adaptation is not fully separated in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or biopsy when feasible for diagnosis; radiation therapy; temozolomide-containing chemoradiotherapy/adjuvant framework as part of diffuse grade 3-4 glioma algorithm [50]Standard option (per RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology)H3 K27 alteration; MGMT expression/methylation context is listed by RUSSCO among glioma prognostic/treatment-planning factors.; Newly diagnosed or treatment-planning context for grade 4 diffuse glioma / diffuse midline glioma. · The guideline framework is broad across diffuse grade 3-4 gliomas and must be interpreted by neuro-oncology teams for midline/pons location. It should not be read as a universal surgery or temozolomide recommendation for every DIPG case. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; source supports broad grade 3-4 diffuse glioma framework but DMG/DIPG-specific adaptation is not fully separated in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or stereotactic biopsy followed by observation, radiation therapy, and/or alkylating chemotherapy depending on grade, extent, symptoms, risk factors, and recurrence [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion define subtype; MGMT may affect alkylator sensitivity; Initial or post-surgical management of IDH-mutant lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This broad guideline mirror does not provide a country-specific vorasidenib approval or payer record. Treatment intensity depends on grade 2 vs 3 vs 4, residual disease, neurologic symptoms, growth, seizure burden, patient age/performance status, and fertility/cognitive considerations. Confidence/conflicts: Medium; source supports the molecular/local/radiation-systemic framework but does not give a clean lower-grade-only regimen table in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or stereotactic biopsy followed by observation, radiation therapy, and/or alkylating chemotherapy depending on grade, extent, symptoms, risk factors, and recurrence [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion define subtype; MGMT may affect alkylator sensitivity; Initial or post-surgical management of IDH-mutant lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This broad guideline mirror does not provide a country-specific vorasidenib approval or payer record. Treatment intensity depends on grade 2 vs 3 vs 4, residual disease, neurologic symptoms, growth, seizure burden, patient age/performance status, and fertility/cognitive considerations. Confidence/conflicts: Medium; source supports the molecular/local/radiation-systemic framework but does not give a clean lower-grade-only regimen table in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or stereotactic biopsy followed by observation, radiation therapy, and/or alkylating chemotherapy depending on grade, extent, symptoms, risk factors, and recurrence [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion define subtype; MGMT may affect alkylator sensitivity; Initial or post-surgical management of IDH-mutant lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This broad guideline mirror does not provide a country-specific vorasidenib approval or payer record. Treatment intensity depends on grade 2 vs 3 vs 4, residual disease, neurologic symptoms, growth, seizure burden, patient age/performance status, and fertility/cognitive considerations. Confidence/conflicts: Medium; source supports the molecular/local/radiation-systemic framework but does not give a clean lower-grade-only regimen table in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
Surgery or stereotactic biopsy followed by observation, radiation therapy, and/or alkylating chemotherapy depending on grade, extent, symptoms, risk factors, and recurrence [48]Standard option (per MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror)IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion define subtype; MGMT may affect alkylator sensitivity; Initial or post-surgical management of IDH-mutant lower-grade diffuse glioma. · This broad guideline mirror does not provide a country-specific vorasidenib approval or payer record. Treatment intensity depends on grade 2 vs 3 vs 4, residual disease, neurologic symptoms, growth, seizure burden, patient age/performance status, and fertility/cognitive considerations. Confidence/conflicts: Medium; source supports the molecular/local/radiation-systemic framework but does not give a clean lower-grade-only regimen table in fetched text. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
corticosteroids for symptomatic edema/mass effect; bevacizumab for extensive brain edema or post-radiotherapy radionecrosis resistant to standard anti-edema therapy [48]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)Symptomatic edema/mass effect and post-radiotherapy radionecrosis context in primary CNS tumors, GBM-relevant supportive care. · The bevacizumab supportive indication is for edema/radionecrosis contexts, not a blanket anti-tumor recommendation for glioblastoma. Russian-language source requires human review; direct drug-access/procurement confirmation remains unresolved. Confidence/conflicts: High for the supportive-care statements in the Russian guideline mirror; direct access and label status remain gaps. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
neurosurgical consultation; surgery or biopsy in specialized neuro-oncology neurosurgical center [48]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)IDH1/IDH2 mutation; 1p/19q codeletion for oligodendroglioma; Diagnostic work-up and initial surgical planning for primary CNS tumors including adult diffuse IDH-mutant gliomas. · Russian-language guideline mirror; translation/human review is needed before patient-facing reuse. Surgical decisions depend on location, functional risk, and specialist evaluation. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high because the source is a guideline mirror rather than the official registry page. No conflict identified. Russian-language clinical content requires human review. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
postoperative chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide [49]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)IDH status distinguishes glioblastoma IDH-wildtype from IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytoma in fetched Russian guideline mirror; MGMT is listed among guideline keywords but treatment line is not restricted to MGMT status in the fetched recommendation; Postoperative treatment for glioblastoma/grade 4 astrocytoma after histologic verification. · Russian-language guideline content requires human review before patient-facing translation. The fetched sources are guideline/recommendation sources, not direct reimbursement or procurement records, and they do not prove availability at every Russian center. Confidence/conflicts: High for Russian guideline recommendation; direct regulator/procurement status remains unresolved. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
radiotherapy [48]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)IDH mutation; 1p/19q codeletion where oligodendroglioma; Radiotherapy planning for adult diffuse low-grade IDH-mutant glioma. · The source provides a technical radiotherapy framework, not individualized treatment selection. Human translation review is needed. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for Russian guideline radiotherapy planning statements; official registry cross-check remains desirable. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
recurrent-treatment framework including bevacizumab, irinotecan, lomustine, carmustine, temozolomide, repeat radiotherapy, repeat surgery/radiosurgery, systemic chemotherapy, and supportive therapy [49]Standard option (per MedElement mirror of Russian Federation clinical recommendations)BRAF V600 mutation mentioned as requiring oncology council/medical commission decision for targeted therapy in fetched guideline mirror; Recurrent/progressive diffuse glioma grade 3-4, GBM-relevant recurrence context. · The recurrence framework is glioma grade 3-4 rather than GBM-only in every line. This is not a claim that bevacizumab or any regimen is approved or reimbursed for every Russian patient; direct label/procurement records remain a gap. Dosing details are intentionally not reproduced. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for recurrent grade 3-4 glioma framework; medium for GBM-specific mapping because some recommendations are not GBM-only. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Russian. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.

Thailand

bevacizumab (Gyvexia; MVASI)[51]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched Thai NDI sources; Adult recurrent glioblastoma after prior treatment; Gyvexia wording specifically references recurrence after temozolomide. · Gyvexia source is Thai-language and needs human review; MVASI source is English. These NDI labels do not establish reimbursement, biosimilar interchangeability, or whether bevacizumab is being used for antitumour control, edema, radiation necrosis, or symptom palliation. Confidence/conflicts: High for Thai NDI-hosted recurrent GBM label wording. No conflict identified; product-specific wording differs in level of detail. Primary source is in Thai. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
maximal tumor resection, radiotherapy, temozolomide with and after radiotherapy [52]Standard option (per Srinagarind Medical Journal / ThaiScience)IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation discussed as prognostic/predictive markers in fetched Thai review; High-grade glioma including glioblastoma; first-line multimodality treatment context. · Thai-language clinical source; no machine translation should be used for patient-facing text without human review. This is a review article rather than a Thai regulator or national guideline. It does not establish reimbursement. Confidence/conflicts: Medium. Source supports Thailand-local clinical-review context; human translation review and current guideline confirmation remain needed. No conflict identified. Primary source is in Thai. English summary pending human review — confirm exact wording with your care team.
neurosurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, rehabilitation [53]Standard option (per Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand / Prasat Neurological Institute author)Thailand system-level access context for brain tumor treatment; not glioblastoma-specific treatment efficacy. · The claims analysis uses ICD-10 groupings and does not separate glioblastoma from all malignant brain tumors. It should be used as an access-map/context source only, not as a treatment recommendation or efficacy source. Confidence/conflicts: Medium for Thailand access context; low for glioblastoma-specific pathway detail because of broad tumor grouping. No conflict identified.
surgical resection or biopsy, radiotherapy, temozolomide, BCNU/carmustine [54]Standard option (per Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand / Ramathibodi Hospital authors)not biomarker-selected in fetched Thai center study; Adult high-grade glioma including glioblastoma; local first-line and recurrent-treatment practice context. · This is a small retrospective single-center Thai study, not a current Thai national guideline. It explicitly notes treatment selection was affected by patient condition and economic status, and that temozolomide was not included in the universal payment drug list at that time, limiting access. Confidence/conflicts: Medium. The source verifies Thai local practice/access context but is older, small, and not a national policy document. No conflict identified.
temozolomide capsules (BIARUS / temozolomide)[55]Approvednot biomarker-selected in fetched Thai NDI source; Newly diagnosed adult glioblastoma multiforme with concomitant radiotherapy followed by monotherapy/maintenance. · The source verifies Thai NDI-hosted product-information wording, not reimbursement, hospital formulary stocking, or patient eligibility. Radiation facility access and multidisciplinary neuro-oncology planning are separate issues. Confidence/conflicts: High for NDI-hosted indication wording. No conflict identified.

Canada

vorasidenib (Voranigo)[56]Health Canada approvedsusceptible IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation; After surgical intervention; age 12+; grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma with susceptible IDH1/IDH2 mutation; not in immediate need of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. · CDA-AMC reimbursement recommendations inform Canadian public drug plans but do not guarantee coverage in every province/territory at a given date. Conditions include appropriate patient selection, prescriber expertise, discontinuation rules, price reduction, and budget-impact considerations. Confidence/conflicts: High for CDA-AMC recommendation and Health Canada approval statement. Provincial listing status remains unresolved. No conflict identified.

Sources

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — official drug label · official drug label
National Cancer Institute (NCI) — national cancer agency evidence summary · national cancer agency evidence summary
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — regulator accelerated approval notice · regulator accelerated approval notice
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — regulator approval and labeling update notice · regulator approval and labeling update notice
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — device regulator PMA supplement · device regulator PMA supplement
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — regulator approval notice · regulator approval notice
DailyMed / U.S. National Library of Medicine — official drug label · official drug label
European Medicines Agency (EMA) — regulator EPAR · regulator EPAR
European Medicines Agency (EMA) — regulator EPAR · regulator EPAR
European Medicines Agency (EMA) — regulator EPAR · regulator EPAR
European Medicines Agency (EMA) — regulator EPAR · regulator EPAR
European Medicines Agency (EMA) — regulator EPAR · regulator EPAR
Haute Autorite de sante (HAS) — Transparency Committee drug reimbursement opinion PDF · Transparency Committee drug reimbursement opinion PDF
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) — HTA rapid-report extract PDF · HTA rapid-report extract PDF
Haute Autorite de sante (HAS) — Transparency Committee drug assessment PDF with glioblastoma pathway context · Transparency Committee drug assessment PDF with glioblastoma pathway context
Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) — supporting reasons PDF for methods directive decision · supporting reasons PDF for methods directive decision
Med Tech Reimbursement Consulting — reimbursement news summary citing G-BA decision · reimbursement news summary citing G-BA decision
Haute Autorite de sante (HAS) — medical-device reimbursement/HTA opinion PDF · medical-device reimbursement/HTA opinion PDF
Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) — decision landing page · decision landing page
Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) — current MVV-RL directive PDF · current MVV-RL directive PDF
Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) — German early benefit-assessment procedure page · German early benefit-assessment procedure page
Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) — AM-RL Annex XII resolution PDF · AM-RL Annex XII resolution PDF
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) — German dossier-assessment project page · German dossier-assessment project page
NICE — clinical guideline · clinical guideline
NICE — technology appraisal guidance · technology appraisal guidance
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) — technology appraisal guidance · technology appraisal guidance
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) — regulator approved-drug list · regulator approved-drug list
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) — regulator review report / regenerative medical product · regulator review report / regenerative medical product
Nihon Servier — manufacturer press release reporting Japan manufacturing/marketing approval · manufacturer press release reporting Japan manufacturing/marketing approval
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) / RMP materials — PMDA-hosted proper-use guide/RMP material PDF · PMDA-hosted proper-use guide/RMP material PDF
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) — Japanese regulatory review report PDF · Japanese regulatory review report PDF
KEGG Medicus / JAPIC medical drug information — Japanese label and drug-information page · Japanese label and drug-information page
Nihon Servier — manufacturer Japan launch notice PDF · manufacturer Japan launch notice PDF
Journal of Korean Medical Science — peer-reviewed nationwide HIRA-based study · peer-reviewed nationwide HIRA-based study
Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO) — professional society guideline article · professional society guideline article
Brain Tumor Research and Treatment / Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology — KSNO adult diffuse midline glioma guideline article · KSNO adult diffuse midline glioma guideline article
MedicalTimes Korea — Korean medical-news article on domestic approval and reimbursement access issue · Korean medical-news article on domestic approval and reimbursement access issue
Korea MFDS / Nedrug — official Korean product-search result · official Korean product-search result
Korea MFDS / Nedrug — official Korean detailed product label page · official Korean detailed product label page
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) — Australian prescription medicine decision summary · Australian prescription medicine decision summary
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) — Australian Public Assessment Report PDF · Australian Public Assessment Report PDF
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Medicine Status Website — Australian reimbursement-status page · Australian reimbursement-status page
National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China — national glioma diagnosis-and-treatment guideline PDF · national glioma diagnosis-and-treatment guideline PDF
American Pharmaceutical Review reporting Innovent announcement — industry news article citing NMPA approval · industry news article citing NMPA approval
Chinese Clinical Oncology / AME Publishing — peer-reviewed narrative review of glioblastoma management in China · peer-reviewed narrative review of glioblastoma management in China
Zai Lab / Novocure — manufacturer press release citing China NMPA approval · manufacturer press release citing China NMPA approval
OncLive — oncology news article reporting China NMPA approval · oncology news article reporting China NMPA approval
MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror — Russian clinical guideline mirror · Russian clinical guideline mirror
MedElement clinical recommendations portal / Russian 2025 primary CNS tumor guideline mirror — Russian clinical guideline mirror · Russian clinical guideline mirror
RUSSCO / Russian Society of Clinical Oncology — professional oncology guideline PDF · professional oncology guideline PDF
Thai National Drug Information / Thai FDA-MOPH — NDI-hosted Thai SmPC PDF · NDI-hosted Thai SmPC PDF
Srinagarind Medical Journal / ThaiScience — Thai-language clinical review article · Thai-language clinical review article
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand / Prasat Neurological Institute author — peer-reviewed Thai national inpatient-claims analysis · peer-reviewed Thai national inpatient-claims analysis
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand / Ramathibodi Hospital authors — peer-reviewed retrospective Thai center study · peer-reviewed retrospective Thai center study
Thai National Drug Information / Thai FDA-MOPH — NDI-hosted English SmPC PDF · NDI-hosted English SmPC PDF
Canada's Drug Agency (CDA-AMC) — reimbursement recommendation PDF · reimbursement recommendation PDF

This is official regulatory and access status only — not medical advice, not a recommendation, and not a statement about eligibility. Whether any option fits depends on your situation and your oncology team. Status changes over time; confirm the current position with the linked source. Last checked 2026-06-12.

Beyond approved care

In clinical trials & emerging options

Options that are not — or not yet — an approved standard where you live: studies, clinical trials, off-label use, and early evidence that your own oncologist may not raise. Each is labeled by how strong the evidence is. A listing here is information to research and discuss with your team; it does not mean a treatment is proven, safe for you, or available today.

In clinical trials

Dordaviprone (ONC201) with placebo comparator in ACTION studyClinical trial · NCT05580562Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05580562)Japan · H3 K27M mutation; Following frontline radiotherapy for H3 K27M-mutant diffuse glioma. · Trial-only Japan site availability does not establish PMDA approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Japan recruiting status; no PMDA approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Dordaviprone (ONC201) with placebo comparator in ACTION studyClinical trial · NCT05580562Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05580562)Japan · H3 K27M mutation; Following frontline radiotherapy for H3 K27M-mutant diffuse glioma. · Trial-only Japan site availability does not establish PMDA approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Japan recruiting status; no PMDA approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
LY3410738 with possible gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo) 500 mg versus placeboClinical trial · NCT04521686Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Japan · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738 study; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib study; Advanced solid tumors with IDH1/2 mutations; locally advanced or metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma, untreated or previously treated with one systemic regimen. · Registry listing does not establish PMDA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Biomarker confirmation is central to both trial contexts. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan registry-listed IDH-targeted trial options; no local approval/access claim made. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
LY3410738 with possible gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo) 500 mg versus placeboClinical trial · NCT04521686Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Japan · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738 study; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib study; Advanced solid tumors with IDH1/2 mutations; locally advanced or metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma, untreated or previously treated with one systemic regimen. · Registry listing does not establish PMDA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Biomarker confirmation is central to both trial contexts. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan registry-listed IDH-targeted trial options; no local approval/access claim made. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
LY3410738 with possible gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo) 500 mg versus placeboClinical trial · NCT04521686Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Japan · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738 study; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib study; Advanced solid tumors with IDH1/2 mutations; locally advanced or metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma, untreated or previously treated with one systemic regimen. · Registry listing does not establish PMDA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Biomarker confirmation is central to both trial contexts. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan registry-listed IDH-targeted trial options; no local approval/access claim made. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
LY3410738 with possible gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo) 500 mg versus placeboClinical trial · NCT04521686Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Japan · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738 study; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib study; Advanced solid tumors with IDH1/2 mutations; locally advanced or metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma, untreated or previously treated with one systemic regimen. · Registry listing does not establish PMDA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Biomarker confirmation is central to both trial contexts. Confidence/conflicts: High for Japan registry-listed IDH-targeted trial options; no local approval/access claim made. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Vorasidenib with temozolomide; DS-1001bClinical trial · NCT06478212Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06478212)Japan · IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation depending on study; DS-1001b study is IDH1-mutated WHO grade II glioma; IDH-mutant glioma for vorasidenib-temozolomide; chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-naive WHO grade II IDH1-mutated glioma for DS-1001b. · These registry records do not establish PMDA approval, reimbursement, routine access, current new enrollment, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting status means not open to new participants in the fetched registry status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Japan trial status; no approval or current-enrollment inference. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Vorasidenib with temozolomide; DS-1001bClinical trial · NCT06478212Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06478212)Japan · IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation depending on study; DS-1001b study is IDH1-mutated WHO grade II glioma; IDH-mutant glioma for vorasidenib-temozolomide; chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-naive WHO grade II IDH1-mutated glioma for DS-1001b. · These registry records do not establish PMDA approval, reimbursement, routine access, current new enrollment, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting status means not open to new participants in the fetched registry status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Japan trial status; no approval or current-enrollment inference. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Vorasidenib with temozolomide; DS-1001bClinical trial · NCT06478212Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06478212)Japan · IDH1 mutation or IDH2 mutation depending on study; DS-1001b study is IDH1-mutated WHO grade II glioma; IDH-mutant glioma for vorasidenib-temozolomide; chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-naive WHO grade II IDH1-mutated glioma for DS-1001b. · These registry records do not establish PMDA approval, reimbursement, routine access, current new enrollment, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting status means not open to new participants in the fetched registry status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Japan trial status; no approval or current-enrollment inference. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Dordaviprone (ONC201) with placebo comparator in ACTION studyClinical trial · NCT05580562Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05580562)Korea · H3 K27M mutation; Following frontline radiotherapy for H3 K27M-mutant diffuse glioma. · Trial-only Korea site availability does not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Korea recruiting status; no MFDS approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Dordaviprone (ONC201) with placebo comparator in ACTION studyClinical trial · NCT05580562Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05580562)Korea · H3 K27M mutation; Following frontline radiotherapy for H3 K27M-mutant diffuse glioma. · Trial-only Korea site availability does not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Korea recruiting status; no MFDS approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
FT-2102; LY3410738 with gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; aplitabart (IGM-8444) combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo)Clinical trial · NCT03684811Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Korea · IDH1 mutation for FT-2102 and ivosidenib studies; IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738; no chondrosarcoma-specific biomarker requirement captured for aplitabart broad cancer cohort; Advanced solid-tumor or locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma trial contexts. · Registry records do not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or current enrollment for completed/terminated/active-not-recruiting studies. The aplitabart study is broad and terminated, so it is weaker as an option than the chondrosarcoma/IDH-specific records. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for South Korea trial landscape; present-day access varies by study status. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
FT-2102; LY3410738 with gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; aplitabart (IGM-8444) combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo)Clinical trial · NCT03684811Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Korea · IDH1 mutation for FT-2102 and ivosidenib studies; IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738; no chondrosarcoma-specific biomarker requirement captured for aplitabart broad cancer cohort; Advanced solid-tumor or locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma trial contexts. · Registry records do not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or current enrollment for completed/terminated/active-not-recruiting studies. The aplitabart study is broad and terminated, so it is weaker as an option than the chondrosarcoma/IDH-specific records. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for South Korea trial landscape; present-day access varies by study status. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
FT-2102; LY3410738 with gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; aplitabart (IGM-8444) combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo)Clinical trial · NCT03684811Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Korea · IDH1 mutation for FT-2102 and ivosidenib studies; IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738; no chondrosarcoma-specific biomarker requirement captured for aplitabart broad cancer cohort; Advanced solid-tumor or locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma trial contexts. · Registry records do not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or current enrollment for completed/terminated/active-not-recruiting studies. The aplitabart study is broad and terminated, so it is weaker as an option than the chondrosarcoma/IDH-specific records. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for South Korea trial landscape; present-day access varies by study status. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
FT-2102; LY3410738 with gemcitabine/cisplatin/durvalumab combinations; aplitabart (IGM-8444) combinations; ivosidenib (Tibsovo)Clinical trial · NCT03684811Clinical trialTrial only (registry)Korea · IDH1 mutation for FT-2102 and ivosidenib studies; IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for LY3410738; no chondrosarcoma-specific biomarker requirement captured for aplitabart broad cancer cohort; Advanced solid-tumor or locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma trial contexts. · Registry records do not establish MFDS approval, reimbursement, routine access, or current enrollment for completed/terminated/active-not-recruiting studies. The aplitabart study is broad and terminated, so it is weaker as an option than the chondrosarcoma/IDH-specific records. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high for South Korea trial landscape; present-day access varies by study status. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Hypofractionated or conventional radiotherapy with temozolomide; RZ-001 with valganciclovirClinical trial · NCT05439278Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05439278)Korea · Elderly newly diagnosed glioblastoma for NCT05439278; glioblastoma with hTERT-positive expression for NCT06102525 as described in registry fields. · Registry status is not regulatory approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Site status can change, and the registry should be checked before any clinical discussion. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Korea trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Hypofractionated or conventional radiotherapy with temozolomide; RZ-001 with valganciclovirClinical trial · NCT05439278Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05439278)Korea · Elderly newly diagnosed glioblastoma for NCT05439278; glioblastoma with hTERT-positive expression for NCT06102525 as described in registry fields. · Registry status is not regulatory approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Site status can change, and the registry should be checked before any clinical discussion. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Korea trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Hypofractionated or conventional radiotherapy with temozolomide; RZ-001 with valganciclovirClinical trial · NCT05439278Clinical trialTrial only (NCT05439278)Korea · Elderly newly diagnosed glioblastoma for NCT05439278; glioblastoma with hTERT-positive expression for NCT06102525 as described in registry fields. · Registry status is not regulatory approval, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Site status can change, and the registry should be checked before any clinical discussion. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Korea trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Apatinib mesylate; TQB3525; LY3410738; anlotinib hydrochloride with or without PD-1 antibody; ivosidenib (Tibsovo); methylsulfonic apatinib off-label-use studyClinical trial · NCT04260113Clinical trialTrial only (registry)China · PI3KA mutation or PTEN loss for TQB3525 study; IDH1/2 mutation for LY3410738; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib; Inoperable advanced chondrosarcoma; unresectable high-grade chondrosarcoma; locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma with IDH1 mutation; advanced bone sarcoma biomarker-selected context. · Registry records do not establish NMPA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Some China records have unknown overall status despite recruiting locations in the fetched location module. Confidence/conflicts: High for China registry-listed investigational chondrosarcoma/advanced bone sarcoma options; unknown-status records reduce access confidence. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Apatinib mesylate; TQB3525; LY3410738; anlotinib hydrochloride with or without PD-1 antibody; ivosidenib (Tibsovo); methylsulfonic apatinib off-label-use studyClinical trial · NCT04260113Clinical trialTrial only (registry)China · PI3KA mutation or PTEN loss for TQB3525 study; IDH1/2 mutation for LY3410738; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib; Inoperable advanced chondrosarcoma; unresectable high-grade chondrosarcoma; locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma with IDH1 mutation; advanced bone sarcoma biomarker-selected context. · Registry records do not establish NMPA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Some China records have unknown overall status despite recruiting locations in the fetched location module. Confidence/conflicts: High for China registry-listed investigational chondrosarcoma/advanced bone sarcoma options; unknown-status records reduce access confidence. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Apatinib mesylate; TQB3525; LY3410738; anlotinib hydrochloride with or without PD-1 antibody; ivosidenib (Tibsovo); methylsulfonic apatinib off-label-use studyClinical trial · NCT04260113Clinical trialTrial only (registry)China · PI3KA mutation or PTEN loss for TQB3525 study; IDH1/2 mutation for LY3410738; IDH1 mutation for ivosidenib; Inoperable advanced chondrosarcoma; unresectable high-grade chondrosarcoma; locally advanced/metastatic conventional chondrosarcoma with IDH1 mutation; advanced bone sarcoma biomarker-selected context. · Registry records do not establish NMPA approval for chondrosarcoma, reimbursement, routine access, or individual eligibility. Some China records have unknown overall status despite recruiting locations in the fetched location module. Confidence/conflicts: High for China registry-listed investigational chondrosarcoma/advanced bone sarcoma options; unknown-status records reduce access confidence. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Atorvastatin with temozolomide; metabolically armed EGFRvIII CAR-T cells; SNC-109 CAR-T cellsClinical trial · NCT06327451Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06327451)China · IDH-wildtype specified for NCT06327451; EGFRvIII specified for NCT07244666; IDH-wildtype glioblastoma for atorvastatin-temozolomide; recurrent glioblastoma for EGFRvIII CAR-T and SNC-109 CAR-T registry records. · These are registry trial cells only. They do not establish NMPA approval, routine availability, reimbursement, current enrollment for every site, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; NCT05868083 has overall-status unknown while site query returned recruiting, so current enrollment needs direct registry/site confirmation. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Atorvastatin with temozolomide; metabolically armed EGFRvIII CAR-T cells; SNC-109 CAR-T cellsClinical trial · NCT06327451Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06327451)China · IDH-wildtype specified for NCT06327451; EGFRvIII specified for NCT07244666; IDH-wildtype glioblastoma for atorvastatin-temozolomide; recurrent glioblastoma for EGFRvIII CAR-T and SNC-109 CAR-T registry records. · These are registry trial cells only. They do not establish NMPA approval, routine availability, reimbursement, current enrollment for every site, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; NCT05868083 has overall-status unknown while site query returned recruiting, so current enrollment needs direct registry/site confirmation. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Atorvastatin with temozolomide; metabolically armed EGFRvIII CAR-T cells; SNC-109 CAR-T cellsClinical trial · NCT06327451Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06327451)China · IDH-wildtype specified for NCT06327451; EGFRvIII specified for NCT07244666; IDH-wildtype glioblastoma for atorvastatin-temozolomide; recurrent glioblastoma for EGFRvIII CAR-T and SNC-109 CAR-T registry records. · These are registry trial cells only. They do not establish NMPA approval, routine availability, reimbursement, current enrollment for every site, or individual eligibility. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; NCT05868083 has overall-status unknown while site query returned recruiting, so current enrollment needs direct registry/site confirmation. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Vorasidenib; safusidenib; placebo comparator where applicableClinical trial · NCT06780930Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06780930)China · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for vorasidenib trial; IDH1 mutation for safusidenib trial; IDH-mutant diffuse glioma described for AGX PET-guided vorasidenib trial; Residual or recurrent grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma; IDH1-mutant glioma maintenance; recurrent or residual IDH-mutant diffuse glioma in the registry-described PET-guided study. · Trial registry status does not establish NMPA approval, routine access, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Not-yet-recruiting and active-not-recruiting statuses require direct site confirmation before discussion. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; China site status for NCT05303519 came from fetched query results while the individual fetch listed many multinational sites before China in displayed output, so current China site status needs direct registry review before operational use. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Vorasidenib; safusidenib; placebo comparator where applicableClinical trial · NCT06780930Clinical trialTrial only (NCT06780930)China · IDH1 or IDH2 mutation for vorasidenib trial; IDH1 mutation for safusidenib trial; IDH-mutant diffuse glioma described for AGX PET-guided vorasidenib trial; Residual or recurrent grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma; IDH1-mutant glioma maintenance; recurrent or residual IDH-mutant diffuse glioma in the registry-described PET-guided study. · Trial registry status does not establish NMPA approval, routine access, reimbursement, active enrollment at every listed site, or individual eligibility. Not-yet-recruiting and active-not-recruiting statuses require direct site confirmation before discussion. Confidence/conflicts: Medium-high; China site status for NCT05303519 came from fetched query results while the individual fetch listed many multinational sites before China in displayed output, so current China site status needs direct registry review before operational use. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Intraoperative balloon electronic brachytherapy using Xoft Axxent eBx System; bevacizumab-containing regimens, non-bevacizumab regimens, and BRAF +/- MEK targeted therapy outcome analysisClinical trial · NCT07141732Clinical trialTrial only (NCT07141732)Russia · Newly diagnosed glioblastoma surgery/radiation adjunct context for NCT07141732; recurrent malignant glioma including glioblastoma for NCT07448480. · Registry status does not establish Roszdravnadzor approval, reimbursement, device availability outside the listed site, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting means the cited recurrent malignant glioma study is not open to new participants according to fetched status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Russia trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Intraoperative balloon electronic brachytherapy using Xoft Axxent eBx System; bevacizumab-containing regimens, non-bevacizumab regimens, and BRAF +/- MEK targeted therapy outcome analysisClinical trial · NCT07141732Clinical trialTrial only (NCT07141732)Russia · Newly diagnosed glioblastoma surgery/radiation adjunct context for NCT07141732; recurrent malignant glioma including glioblastoma for NCT07448480. · Registry status does not establish Roszdravnadzor approval, reimbursement, device availability outside the listed site, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting means the cited recurrent malignant glioma study is not open to new participants according to fetched status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Russia trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Intraoperative balloon electronic brachytherapy using Xoft Axxent eBx System; bevacizumab-containing regimens, non-bevacizumab regimens, and BRAF +/- MEK targeted therapy outcome analysisClinical trial · NCT07141732Clinical trialTrial only (NCT07141732)Russia · Newly diagnosed glioblastoma surgery/radiation adjunct context for NCT07141732; recurrent malignant glioma including glioblastoma for NCT07448480. · Registry status does not establish Roszdravnadzor approval, reimbursement, device availability outside the listed site, or individual eligibility. Active-not-recruiting means the cited recurrent malignant glioma study is not open to new participants according to fetched status. Confidence/conflicts: High for registry-listed Russia trial status at time fetched; no regulator approval inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Short-course versus standard-course radiotherapy; rindopepimut (CDX-110) with GM-CSF, temozolomide, KLHClinical trial · NCT01450449Clinical trialTrial only (NCT01450449)Thailand · EGFRvIII expression implied for rindopepimut study NCT01480479; not specified for NCT01450449; Elderly and/or frail glioblastoma multiforme for radiotherapy schedule study; newly diagnosed glioblastoma for rindopepimut/GM-CSF study. · Both cited Thailand studies are completed in ClinicalTrials.gov and should be treated as historical trial evidence/availability, not current enrollment or routine access. Confidence/conflicts: High for completed Thailand registry status; no current-treatment availability inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Short-course versus standard-course radiotherapy; rindopepimut (CDX-110) with GM-CSF, temozolomide, KLHClinical trial · NCT01450449Clinical trialTrial only (NCT01450449)Thailand · EGFRvIII expression implied for rindopepimut study NCT01480479; not specified for NCT01450449; Elderly and/or frail glioblastoma multiforme for radiotherapy schedule study; newly diagnosed glioblastoma for rindopepimut/GM-CSF study. · Both cited Thailand studies are completed in ClinicalTrials.gov and should be treated as historical trial evidence/availability, not current enrollment or routine access. Confidence/conflicts: High for completed Thailand registry status; no current-treatment availability inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Short-course versus standard-course radiotherapy; rindopepimut (CDX-110) with GM-CSF, temozolomide, KLHClinical trial · NCT01450449Clinical trialTrial only (NCT01450449)Thailand · EGFRvIII expression implied for rindopepimut study NCT01480479; not specified for NCT01450449; Elderly and/or frail glioblastoma multiforme for radiotherapy schedule study; newly diagnosed glioblastoma for rindopepimut/GM-CSF study. · Both cited Thailand studies are completed in ClinicalTrials.gov and should be treated as historical trial evidence/availability, not current enrollment or routine access. Confidence/conflicts: High for completed Thailand registry status; no current-treatment availability inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry
Short-course versus standard-course radiotherapy; rindopepimut (CDX-110) with GM-CSF, temozolomide, KLHClinical trial · NCT01450449Clinical trialTrial only (NCT01450449)Thailand · EGFRvIII expression implied for rindopepimut study NCT01480479; not specified for NCT01450449; Elderly and/or frail glioblastoma multiforme for radiotherapy schedule study; newly diagnosed glioblastoma for rindopepimut/GM-CSF study. · Both cited Thailand studies are completed in ClinicalTrials.gov and should be treated as historical trial evidence/availability, not current enrollment or routine access. Confidence/conflicts: High for completed Thailand registry status; no current-treatment availability inferred. ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical-trial registry

A clinical-trial listing or early report shows an option is being studied — not that it works, that it is safe for any one person, or that a site is enrolling today. Whether any of these fits is a conversation for your oncology team and the trial team. Last checked 2026-06-12.